![\"\"](\"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PADI-diver-girl.jpg\")
<\/a><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”] [\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#e8f1ff” bottom_divider_height=”49px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” max_width=”100%” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”50px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” use_custom_width=”on” width_unit=”off” custom_width_percent=”100%” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|5%||5%” custom_padding_phone=”|5%||5%” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”a1d2168b-3d52-423f-b18a-f3a73e7ffb50″ max_width_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_margin=”5%||” custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}”]Nitrogen (gas) Narcosis:<\/h3>\n
Breathing too much nitrogen can cause a narcotic effect (nitrogen narcosis<\/strong><\/em>).\u00a0 Narcosis can occur when diving to 30m or deeper, it varies from one diver to the next and is not predictable. Symptoms can include euphoria (feeling happy), anxiousness (fear), panic, dizziness, tunnel vision.
Symptoms which are not directly hazardous \u2013 but impaired judgment and loss of co-ordination can lead to a hazardous situation. Ascending a few meters usually reduces the narcosis. Diving with enriched air – Nitrox, does not reduce the risk of nitrogen narcosis because oxygen can also have a narcotic effect.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”a1d2168b-3d52-423f-b18a-f3a73e7ffb50″ max_width_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_margin=”5%||” custom_margin_phone=”15%|||” custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}”]Oxygen Toxicity<\/h3>\n
Central nervous system (CNS) toxicity<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 is caused by breathing too much oxygen. Recreational divers risk CNS toxicity when breathing oxygen at partial pressures greater than 1.4 bar.
The most serious symptom is a convulsion which can cause the diver to lose his mouthpiece and drown. Other signs and symptoms include: visual disturbances, ear ringing, nausea, twitching, irritability and dizziness (VENTID). However, convulsions typically occur\u00a0without warning.<\/p>\nPulmonary toxicity<\/em> <\/strong>\u2013 caused by exposing the lungs to high partial pressures of oxygen over a longer period.
Signs and symptoms include burning in the chest and an irritated cough. It\u00a0is unlikely in recreational diving.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”a1d2168b-3d52-423f-b18a-f3a73e7ffb50″ max_width_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_margin=”5%||” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”15%||” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}”]Decompression Sickness<\/h3>\n
Gases dissolve into liquids when the pressure on the liquid is increased.
The human body is primarily water. When a diver breathes gas under pressure, gases dissolve into the body tissues.
Oxygen used by the body, but nitrogen (and any other inert gas) is not.
When the nitrogen pressure in the lungs is greater than in blood, nitrogen (in the alveoli) dissolves into blood and then into the tissues.
The amount of nitrogen that the body absorbs depends on the depth and the length of the dive. It also depends on the breathing gas. (Enriched air has less nitrogen).<\/p>\n
Wenn the diver ascends to the surface, nitrogen pressure in tissues becomes higher than the surrounding pressure.
The nitrogen pressure in the blood exceeds pressure in lungs and nitrogen dissolves from blood into the alveoli in the lungs and is exhaled.
If the difference is within limits, nitrogen dissolves harmlessly into blood and then slowly out through exhalations
If body has absorbed too much nitrogen, the body can not eliminate (breath out) as fast as it comes out of solution and bubbles form in the blood and tissues.
nitrogen bubbles can block the oxygen delivery to the body tissues. This is known as decompression sickness<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\nIt is very common for divers to have microscopically small nitrogen bubbles in their body, after a dive. These harmless bubbles are known as silent bubbles<\/strong><\/em>. After time, and again, if too much nitrogen has been absorbed during the dive, these silent bubbles can accumalate to form larger bubbles.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”] [\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,2_3″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” max_width=”100%” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”50px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” use_custom_width=”on” width_unit=”off” custom_width_percent=”100%” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||0px” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”|||0px” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/PADI-IDC-theory-dcs-signs-symptoms.jpg” force_fullwidth=”on” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”fade” animation_delay=”500ms” global_colors_info=”{}”] [\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”5%|5%|5%|5%” custom_padding_phone=”10%|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”a1d2168b-3d52-423f-b18a-f3a73e7ffb50″ max_width_last_edited=”off|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}”]DCS signs and symptoms<\/h3>\n
DCS signs and sympoms tend to be delayed. In about half the cases, it appears within an hour but it can take up to 36 hours for signs and symptoms to occur. It often worsens during the first few hours.<\/p>\n
There are two types of DCS, depending on the signs and symptoms and severity.<\/p>\n
Type I DCS<\/strong><\/em>\u2013 (pain-only DCS) is not immediately life-threatening or likely to cause long-term disability. This results in a skin rash, often in parts of the body that have a lot of fat tissue.<\/p>\nType II DCS<\/strong><\/em> affects the nervous system and may be immediately life-threatening.
Signs and symptoms include tingling, numbness, paralysis, stroke-like symptoms, unconsciousness and cardiac or respiratory arrest. When bubbles travel to the brain, signs and symptoms can include blurred vision, confusion, headache, unconsciousness and death.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”] [\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” max_width=”100%” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”50px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” use_custom_width=”on” width_unit=”off” custom_width_percent=”100%” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|5%||5%” custom_padding_phone=”|5%||5%” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”a1d2168b-3d52-423f-b18a-f3a73e7ffb50″ max_width_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_margin=”||” custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}”]Predisposing factors<\/h3>\n
Because everyone has a different physiology, the predisposition to DCS varies from person to person. Factors that may predispose a diver to DCS:<\/p>\n
Fat tissue<\/strong> \u2013Nitrogen is more soluble in fat.
Age<\/strong> \u2013Circulatory systems become less efficient; increased percentage of fat and reduced fitness level could decrease nitrogen elimination.
Dehydration<\/strong> \u2013Reduced quantity of blood in circulation slows nitrogen elimination.
Injuries or illness<\/strong> \u2013Injuries or illness can affect the efficiency of the circulatory system.
Alcohol<\/strong> \u2013Drinking alcohol before or after diving accelerates circulation, dilates capillaries and promotes dehydration.
Cold water<\/strong> \u2013A diver starts a dive warm with normal circulation, but cools and circulation to the extremities is reduced, slowing nitrogen elimination.
Heavy exercise<\/strong> \u2013 Working hard during a dive accelerates circulation thus more nitrogen than normal dissolves into the body. After or immediately before a dive, heavy exercise accelerates circulation, altering nitrogen elimination and stimulating the production of microbubbles.
Altitude or flying after diving<\/strong> \u2013Dive tables and computers are based on surfacing at sea level \u2013exposure to lower pressure increases tissue pressure gradient and may increase bubble formation.
History of DCS<\/strong> \u2013Studies of divers suggest that someone who has had DCS will be more predisposed to it in the future.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ background_color=”#ffffff” width=”100%” width_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_margin=”50px||” custom_padding=”5%|5%|5%|5%” global_colors_info=”{}”]Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)<\/h3>\n
A PFO, commonly known as \u2018hole in the heart\u2019 is an opening in the heart (from the right atrium to the left atrium) that normally grows close after birth. In about 30% of the normal and healthy population, however the PFO does not grow completely closed.<\/p>\n
A PFO increases the risk of decompression illness because bubbles may pass directly from the venous blood (oxygen poor blood, returning to the heart), into the arterial circulation that carries oxygen to the tissues.<\/p>\n
<\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”] [\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,2_3″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” max_width=”100%” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”50px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” use_custom_width=”on” width_unit=”off” custom_width_percent=”100%” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||0px” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”|||0px” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/PADI-IDC-theory-decompression-sickness.jpg” force_fullwidth=”on” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”fade” animation_delay=”500ms” global_colors_info=”{}”] [\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”5%|5%|5%|5%” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”10%|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”a1d2168b-3d52-423f-b18a-f3a73e7ffb50″ max_width_last_edited=”off|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}”]Treatment for DCS<\/h3>\n
Treat all cases serious. Give the patient oxygen, preferably 100 percent. Keep the patient lying down with the head supported. Provide primary care and arrange transport to the nearest medical facility.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”] [\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” max_width=”100%” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”50px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” use_custom_width=”on” width_unit=”off” custom_width_percent=”100%” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|5%||5%” custom_padding_phone=”|5%||5%” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”a1d2168b-3d52-423f-b18a-f3a73e7ffb50″ max_width_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_margin=”5%||” custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}”]
Lung over expansion injuries<\/h3>\n
This can happen when a scuba diver holds his breath while ascending to the surface. The reduced pressure causes the lung volume to increase. This can cause a tear in the lungs through which air can escape \u2013 hence, the term \u2018ruptured lung\u2019. Scuba diving with a lung congestion increases the risk of a lung over expansion injury, and so does loss of surfactant (fluid protecting the lung surface) due to smoking.<\/p>\n
There are four types of injury that can occur:<\/p>\n
Air embolism:<\/strong><\/em> This is also called arterial gas embolism (AGE). The alveoli and pulmonary capillaries rupture allowing air to directly enter the bloodstream and flow into the arteries. This is serious and immediately life threatening, because the bubbles flow through the arteries to the brain.<\/p>\nPneumothorax:<\/strong><\/em> The air from the rupture goes between the lung and chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. The diver will have chest pain and may cough up blood.<\/p>\nMediastinal emphysema:<\/strong><\/em> The air from the rupture accumulates in the centre of the chest over the heart and interferes with circulation; the diver may feel faint and short of breath.<\/p>\nSubcutaneous emphysema:<\/strong><\/em> The air from the rupture accumulates in the soft tissues under the skin, at the base of the neck. The diver\u2019s voice may change and the skin may crackle to the touch.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”a1d2168b-3d52-423f-b18a-f3a73e7ffb50″ max_width_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_margin=”5%||” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”15%||” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}”]Decompression illnes<\/h3>\n
Decompression sickness is caused by nitrogen bubbles<\/em> coming out of solution.
A lung overexpansion injury is caused by air bubbles<\/em> entering the body tissues through a ruptured lung.
DCI stands for decompression illness and covers DCS and all lung-overexpansion injuries.<\/p>\nThe signs and symptoms for decompression sickness and lung overexpansion injuries are very similar, however, for a lung overexpansion the signs and symptoms normally occur directly after the dive while for decompression sickness it can take several hours or even days.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”] [\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” admin_label=”Class Details Area” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” max_width=”100%” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”50px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” use_custom_width=”on” width_unit=”off” custom_width_percent=”100%” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|5%||5%” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”|5%||5%” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/happy-divers1.jpg” force_fullwidth=”on” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_margin=”||” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” max_width=”100%” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”50px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” use_custom_width=”on” width_unit=”off” custom_width_percent=”100%” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|5%||5%” custom_padding_phone=”|5%||5%” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”a1d2168b-3d52-423f-b18a-f3a73e7ffb50″ max_width_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_margin=”5%||” custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}”]
Responses to heat<\/h3>\n
Overheating (hyperthermia<\/strong><\/em>) is a potential problem for divers when fully suited on a hot day.
The body responds to excess heat progressively by first dilating the skin capillaries to promote cooling. If this doesn\u2019t help, sweating starts to cool skin through evaporation
Next step is to accelerate the pulse to circulate blood faster for cooling.<\/p>\nHeat exhaustion<\/strong><\/em> occurs when the body works at full capacity to cool.
Signs and symptoms are a weak and rapid pulse, profuse perspiration, cool and clammy skin, nausea and weakness.
This person needs to cool off. Remove heavy exposure suit or cool in the water.<\/p>\nHeat stroke<\/strong> <\/em>results if the body reaches its limits and fails to cool.
The sweating stops, person\u2019s skin is hot and flushed, and pulse is strong but rapid.
This is an emergency medical condition that can cause serious damage to the brain and body systems.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”] [\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” max_width=”100%” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”50px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” use_custom_width=”on” width_unit=”off” custom_width_percent=”100%” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|5%||5%” custom_padding_phone=”|5%||5%” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”a1d2168b-3d52-423f-b18a-f3a73e7ffb50″ max_width_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_margin=”5%||” custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}”]Responses to cold<\/h3>\n
Water conducts heat 20 times faster than air, which is why we chill faster in even relatively warm water.<\/span><\/p>\nAs the body loses heat, it responds by reducing blood flow to the extremities (fingers and toes go numb).
If the body starts shivering to generate heat through muscle activity, it is a signal that your body is losing the battle against cold. The correct reaction is to end the dive.<\/p>\n
Uncontrollable shivering precedes hypothermia<\/strong><\/em>. This\u00a0occurs when all protective responses fail, shivering stops and the diver feels warm, but core temperature continues to drop.
Mental processes slow and the diver becomes drowsy, uncoordinated and forgetful.
Advanced hypothermia<\/strong><\/em> is a medical emergency requiring emergency care.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”] [\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,2_3″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” max_width=”100%” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”50px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” use_custom_width=”on” width_unit=”off” custom_width_percent=”100%” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||0px” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”|||0px” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/PADI-IDC-theory-ear1.jpg” force_fullwidth=”on” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”fade” animation_delay=”500ms” global_colors_info=”{}”] [\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”5%|5%|5%|5%” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”10%|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”a1d2168b-3d52-423f-b18a-f3a73e7ffb50″ max_width_last_edited=”off|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}”]The Ear<\/h3>\n
The ear is divided into the outer, middle and inner ear.<\/p>\n
The outer ear<\/strong><\/em> consists of the external ear and ear canal, it is open to air\/water pressure and channels sound to the eardrum.
The middle ear<\/strong><\/em> is separated from the outer ear by the ear drum<\/strong><\/em> and is sealed against air\/water. The ear drum vibrates and passes sound to the ossicles<\/em><\/strong>, small bones that conduct sound to the inner ear. The middle ear is filled with air and is affected the most by pressure.
The inner ear<\/strong><\/em> consists of the vestibular canals<\/strong><\/em> that control balance and the cochlea<\/strong><\/em> which turns vibrations into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.<\/p>\nThe ossicles<\/strong><\/em> connect to the cochlea<\/strong><\/em> at the oval window<\/strong><\/em> which flexes in and out with the vibrations. The round window<\/strong><\/em> on the cochlea flexes out when the oval window flexes in, like a water filled balloon.<\/p>\nThe middle ear<\/em><\/strong> is connected to the throat by the Eustachian tube<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”] [\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,2_3″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” max_width=”100%” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”50px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” use_custom_width=”on” width_unit=”off” custom_width_percent=”100%” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||0px” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”|||0px” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/PADI-IDC-theory-sinus.jpg” force_fullwidth=”on” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ animation_style=”fade” animation_delay=”500ms” global_colors_info=”{}”] [\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”5%|5%|5%|5%” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”10%|||” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”a1d2168b-3d52-423f-b18a-f3a73e7ffb50″ max_width_last_edited=”off|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}”] <\/p>\n
Pressure related injuries (barotrauma<\/strong><\/em>) can occur during the ascent or descent. Knowing the structure and function of ears and sinuses will help you understand how they respond to changing pressure.<\/p>\nPressure related problems on the ascend are called a reverse block<\/strong><\/em>. During ascent, expanding air normally exits easily but if a blockage prevents air from exiting, a reverse block can occur in ears, sinuses ot theeth.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”] [\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” max_width=”100%” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”50px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” use_custom_width=”on” width_unit=”off” custom_width_percent=”100%” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|5%||5%” custom_padding_phone=”|5%||5%” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”a1d2168b-3d52-423f-b18a-f3a73e7ffb50″ max_width_last_edited=”off|desktop” custom_margin=”5%||” custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}”]Sinuses<\/h3>\n
Sinuses<\/em><\/strong> are divided into four chambers and are connected to the nose.
A<\/strong> sinus squeeze<\/strong><\/em> causes pressure or pain between the eyes, over the teeth or in the cheekbones. Blood and fluid fill the sinus to restore pressure balance.
During ascent, accumulated fluids and blood often flow into the diver\u2019s mask
A sinus squeeze usually heals on its own, unless accompanied by extended pain or fever, suggesting a sinus infection.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Ear trauma<\/h3>\n
During descent, water fills outer ear, putting pressure on eardrum.
The pressure can be equalized by pushing air through eustachian tubes into the middle ear.
Most divers blow against their pinched nose \u2013 known as the valsalva maneuver<\/strong><\/em>. Failure to equalize can cause a squeeze<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\nA middle ear squeeze<\/strong><\/em> results in blood and fluid filling the middle ear.
The ears feel full and hearing is reduced.
This injury needs proper treatment to heal because failure to receive medical care can mean permanent hearing loss.<\/p>\nAn eardrum rupture<\/strong><\/em> can occur when a diver descends rapidly without equalizing. The eardrum flexes inward until it ruptures and water enters the middle ear. The diver will feel a sharp pain, followed by relieve. Cold water entering the middle ear can cause vertigo.
A ruptured eardrum requires medical attention to prevent infection and permanent damage.<\/p>\nAnother ear barotrauma is round window rupture<\/strong><\/em>.
If a diver delays equalization, the round window bulges outward in response to unequal pressure. If at the same time, the diver attempts a long, forceful valsalva maneuver, the increased internal pressure can rupture the round window.
A round window rupture needs medical treatment and is a serious injury that can lead to permanent hearing reduction or deafness.<\/p>\n <\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
PADI IDC DIVE THEORYPADI dive theory – Physiology, is one of 5 subjects that will be tested on the PADI Instructor exam. We have made these materials available to help you to prepare for your PADI Instructor exam or PADI Divemaster exam. If you choose to do your PADI Divemaster course or PADI IDC with […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":245142,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-245149","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
PADI Dive Theory - Physiology - Free Study Guide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Free PADI Dive Theory - Physiology study guide and practice exams to prepare for your PADI IDC Instructor exam or PADI Divemaster exam.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/de\/padi-idc-tauchtheorie-physiologie\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PADI Dive Theory - Physiology - Free Study Guide\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Free PADI Dive Theory - Physiology study guide and practice exams to prepare for your PADI IDC Instructor exam or PADI Divemaster exam.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/245149\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Asia Scuba Instructors\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-01-10T11:31:42+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Gesch\u00e4tzte Lesezeit\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"17\u00a0Minuten\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asiascubainstructors.com\\\/padi-idc-divetheory-physiology\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asiascubainstructors.com\\\/padi-idc-divetheory-physiology\\\/\",\"name\":\"PADI Dive Theory - Physiology - Free Study Guide\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asiascubainstructors.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asiascubainstructors.com\\\/padi-idc-divetheory-physiology\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asiascubainstructors.com\\\/padi-idc-divetheory-physiology\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-03-08T09:52:02+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-01-10T11:31:42+00:00\",\"description\":\"Free PADI Dive Theory - Physiology study guide and practice exams to prepare for your PADI IDC Instructor exam or PADI Divemaster exam.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asiascubainstructors.com\\\/padi-idc-divetheory-physiology\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"de\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/asiascubainstructors.com\\\/padi-idc-divetheory-physiology\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asiascubainstructors.com\\\/padi-idc-divetheory-physiology\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"\",\"contentUrl\":\"\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asiascubainstructors.com\\\/padi-idc-divetheory-physiology\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asiascubainstructors.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"PADI IDC Divetheory – Physiology\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asiascubainstructors.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asiascubainstructors.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"Asia Scuba Instructors\",\"description\":\"PADI IDC in Asia\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/asiascubainstructors.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"de\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"PADI Tauchtheorie - Physiologie - Kostenloser Studienf\u00fchrer","description":"Kostenloser PADI Dive Theory - Physiology Studienf\u00fchrer und Praxispr\u00fcfungen zur Vorbereitung auf deine PADI IDC Instructor Pr\u00fcfung oder PADI Divemaster Pr\u00fcfung.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/de\/padi-idc-tauchtheorie-physiologie\/","og_locale":"de_DE","og_type":"article","og_title":"PADI Dive Theory - Physiology - Free Study Guide","og_description":"Free PADI Dive Theory - Physiology study guide and practice exams to prepare for your PADI IDC Instructor exam or PADI Divemaster exam.","og_url":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/245149","og_site_name":"Asia Scuba Instructors","article_modified_time":"2025-01-10T11:31:42+00:00","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Gesch\u00e4tzte Lesezeit":"17\u00a0Minuten"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/padi-idc-divetheory-physiology\/","url":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/padi-idc-divetheory-physiology\/","name":"PADI Tauchtheorie - Physiologie - Kostenloser Studienf\u00fchrer","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/padi-idc-divetheory-physiology\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/padi-idc-divetheory-physiology\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"","datePublished":"2023-03-08T09:52:02+00:00","dateModified":"2025-01-10T11:31:42+00:00","description":"Kostenloser PADI Dive Theory - Physiology Studienf\u00fchrer und Praxispr\u00fcfungen zur Vorbereitung auf deine PADI IDC Instructor Pr\u00fcfung oder PADI Divemaster Pr\u00fcfung.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/padi-idc-divetheory-physiology\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"de","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/padi-idc-divetheory-physiology\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"de","@id":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/padi-idc-divetheory-physiology\/#primaryimage","url":"","contentUrl":""},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/padi-idc-divetheory-physiology\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"PADI IDC Divetheory – Physiology"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/","name":"Asia Scuba Instructors","description":"PADI IDC in Asien","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"de"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/245149","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=245149"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/245149\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/de\/wp-json\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/asiascubainstructors.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=245149"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}