PADI Dive Theory
PADI dive theory – Physics is one of 5 subjects that will be tested on the PADI Instructor exam.
I have made these materials to help you to prepare for your PADI Instructor exam or PADI Divemaster exam. If you choose to do your PADI Divemaster course or PADI IDC with Asia Scuba Instructors you will have access to many more materials in our ‘online classroom’.
The PADI Dive Theory – Physics Studyguide and practice exams are also available in German language.
Physics
Light
The speed of light changes as it passes through different things such as air, glass and water. This affects the way we see things underwater with a diving mask.
As the light passes through the glass of the mask and the air space, the difference in speed causes the light rays to bend; this is called refraction. To the diver wearing a normal diving mask, objects appear to be larger and closer than they actually are – about 33% larger and closer by a ratio of 3:2.
Turbidity (Bad visibility underwater) can cause the diver to think that objects are further away than they actually are because they obscured by particles in the water. This phenomenon is known as visual reversal.
![](https://asiascubainstructors.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/divers-sunlight.jpg)
Sound
Sound travels four times faster in water than it does in air. This is because the water is a denser and more elastic medium than air – 800 times more dense. Because of this the diver’s brain perceives the sound as reaching both ears at the same time. This means divers cannot tell the direction the sound is coming from. The sound seems to come from everywhere at once or overhead.
Although divers cannot tell the direction, they can tell whether the sound is either closer or further away depending on its volume. Sound can travel very long distances underwater.
Heat
Water has a much higher heat capacity than air; this is its ability to draw heat away from another object such as a diver. Water conducts heat away from the diver twenty times faster than air for a given temperature. This is why a diver will chill quickly without an exposure suit even in warmer water.
The diver loses heat by three different methods while underwater:
Conduction has the most effect on the diver. This is caused by the water drawing heat by direct contact with the diver.
The second method is convection; this is caused by warm water rising (away from the diver) and being replaced by colder water. Like warm air rising to form clouds.
Radiation has the least effect on the diver; this is heat transmission without direct contact. Just like the rays from the sun.
![](https://asiascubainstructors.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/PADI-IDC-theory-conduction.jpg)
Conduction
![](https://asiascubainstructors.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/PADI-IDC-theory-convection.jpg)
Convection
![](https://asiascubainstructors.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/PADI-IDC-theory-radiation.jpg)
Radiation
Pressure
Pressure is measured in bar or atmospheres (atm), which are essentially the same.
Gauge pressure is the pressure of the water at a given depth (not counting the atmospheric pressure).
A pressure gauge on a scubatank shows gauge pressure. It will show zero when the tank is empty.
Absolute or Ambient pressure is the water pressure plus the atmospheric pressure. (At sea level the atmospheric pressure is 1 bar/atm).
Pressure increases in sea water by 1 bar every 10 metres.
Pressure increases in fresh water by 1 bar every 10.3 metres.
To calculate gauge pressure in bar, simply multiply the depth of the water by 0.1 for seawater and by 0.097 for fresh water.
Examples:
To calculate the gauge pressure at 37m in sea water.
37 x 0.1 = 3.7 bar.
To calculate the gauge pressure at 16m in fresh water.
16 x 0.097 = 1.55 bar.
To calculate the absolute/ambient pressure in bar simply repeat the above procedure and then add 1 (providing you are calculating for sea level).
Examples:
To calculate the absolute pressure at 27m in sea water.
27 x 0.1 = 2.7
2.7 + 1 = 3.7 bar.
To calculate the absolute pressure at 22m in fresh water.
22 x 0.097 = 2.14
2.14 + 1 = 3.14 bar.
Remember that in all questions in physics of diving you will use absolute pressure in your calculations. Except if they just specifically ask you for the gauge pressure.
![](https://asiascubainstructors.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/IDC-divetheory-dsmb.jpg)
Pressure and volume
You cannot compress a liquid or a solid by applying greater pressure, but you can compress a gas as the molecules are further apart.
The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the surrounding pressure on the gas.
![](https://asiascubainstructors.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/padi-diver-getting-out-water.jpg)
Partial Pressures
In a mixture of gases, each gas exerts a pressure proportional to the percentage of that gas in the mixture. We call this partial pressure.
Air is a mixture of gases, containing, 21% Oxygen and 79% Nitrogen. At the surface the pressure is 1 bar. So the partial pressure of oxygen is 0.21 bar and the partial pressure of nitrogen is 0.79 bar.
As we go deeper the absolute pressure increases but the percentage of gasses remains the same.
To calculate the partial pressure of a gas at depth divide the percentage of the gas in the mix by 100 and multiply by the absolute pressure at that depth.
Pressure and Absorption of Gases
If the pressure of a gas in contact with a liquid is increased the gas will dissolve into the liquid until a state of equilibrium is reached. (Saturation).
If the pressure of a gas in contact with a liquid is decreased the gas will come out of the liquid (supersaturation) if this happens quickly bubbles will form in the liquid.
This causes decompression sickness.
Sinking or floating
If an object is neutrally buoyant in salt water it will sink in fresh water.
If an object is neutrally buoyant in fresh water it will float in salt water.
If an object is positively or negatively buoyant in either fresh or salt water, you cannot determine exactly what will happen when placed from fresh to salt or vice versa unless you know exactly how much positive or negative buoyancy the object has.
Pressure, Temperature & Volume relationships
As a rule of thumb, in a scuba tank the pressure changes by 0.6 bar the for every degree Celsius change.
For flexible containers like balloons, the pressure remains the same and the volume changes.
Buoyancy
When you push an object under water,
the water pushes back with a force that is equal to the weight of the water that is displaced.
Fresh water questions’ are relatively easy. Because 1 liter weighs 1 kilo, the calculation is very simple.
Kilos and liters is the same number.
If an object has a volume of 5 liters, the water pushes it up with 5 kilos.
In seawater it is also easy:
But 1 liter of seawater weighs 1.03 kilo.
Kilos and liters are not the same number.
5 liters in a liftbag gives it 5 x 1.03 = 5.15 kilos of lift.
![](https://asiascubainstructors.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/PADI-IDC-theory-buoyancy-schema.jpg)
![](https://asiascubainstructors.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/PADI-IDC-theory-buoyancy-diver.jpg)
In words:
The diver wants to become neutrally buoyant. He weighs 95 kg so he needs to be lifted up with 95 kg force. For this he needs to displace 92.2 liters of seawater with his BCD. He already displaces 90 liters of seawater with his body and equipment so he needs 2.2 liters more.
Buoyancy and pressure combined
Some questions say that an object is at a specific depth.
Does the depth matter? No.
If an object weighs 10 kilos at 12 meters, it weighs 10 kilos at 45 meters.
You still need the same volume to lift it.
However, the volume in your liftbag will increase when the object is taken to the surface (because the pressure is less).
When asked “What is the volume of the liftbag, upon reaching the surface” or “How much air from the surface needs to be pumped in the liftbag” then depth does matter.